What Are the Main Theoretical and Political Differences...

What are the main theoretical and political differences between ‘first and ‘second wave feminism Feminism is both an intellectual commitment and a political movement that seeks justice for women and the end of sexism in all forms. However, there are many different kinds of feminism. So some have found it useful to think of the womens movement in the US as occurring in waves . On the wave model, the struggle to achieve basic political rights during the period from the mid-19th century until the 1920s counts as first wave feminism waned between the two world wars, to be revived in the late 1960s and early 1970s as second wave feminism. The concept of waves is not meant to imply that organised feminism disappeared in the†¦show more content†¦The wave began with the founding of womens liberation groups that took New Left political groups, such as the Students for a Democratic Society, as their models. They were joined soon after, by other groups that sought political change within the system, and through political organizations of their own, forming feminist groups and the mass of the second wave. Second wave feminism stresses the difference of women, and challenges the centrality of masculine values Ââ€" either values associated with masculinity (reason, detachment, power) or values inherently masculine (autonomy, aggression). They also stress the difference between sex and gender: sex is our biological and natural being; gender is the social and cultural interpretation of that being. Therefore there is a need to assert womens sex and challenge rigid models of gender. Whereas ‘first wave feminism insists that sexual identity is inessential or secondary to our humanity. Feminists disagree about what sexism consists in, and what exactly ought to be done about it; they disagree about what it means to be a woman or a man and what social and political implications gender has or should have, it was obvious early on that the movement was not a unified one, with differences emerging between black feminism, lesbian feminism, liberal feminism, and social feminism. Therefore the important topics for feminist theory and politicsShow MoreRelatedThe Sexualisation And Popularization Of Feminism Within The 21st Century1296 Words   |  6 Pages The sexualisation and popularization of Feminism within the 21ST century Introduction Feminism as an idea has been actively intersected and integrated within the western mainstream pop culture progressively since the beginning of the 21st century. Some of the largest players in the current mainstream music scene not only identify as feminist but also encourage their millions of fans to do the same. While this could potentially be a positive influence on a movement that has struggled to gain largerRead MoreHow Has Feminism Developed? America, And How Have These Developments Changed Its Public Perception? Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesQuinn Casey Final Research Paper INTRO How has feminism developed in America, and how have these developments changed its public perception? Considering these perceptions and the divisions between feminists, how can feminism be unified as a cohesive movement again? Feminism is often used as an umbrella term describing many different strains of similar ideologies and movements. It classifies the Suffragette movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, to Betty Friedan’s Feminine MystiqueRead More Gender Politics in the Criminal Justice System Essay4043 Words   |  17 Pagesrole in understanding who commits what types of crimes, why they do so, who is most often victimized, and how the criminal justice system responds to these victims and offenders. In order to understand the current state of women and the way in which gender relates to crime and criminal justice, it is first necessary to provide a comprehensive analysis of the historical evolution of women in the criminal justice system and the affect that the different waves of feminism have had on policies and practicesRead MoreThe Role Of Media And Communications Developed Over The Last Century?1803 Words   |  8 Pagesdevelopment of technology and knowledge. However, ther e are theoretical aspects that have gone into the development of media and communications such Marxism, structuralism, cultural studies, subcultural theory, feminism and postmodernism. Louis Althusser (1970) wrote an essay called ‘Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses’, in which he explains how the various parts of social formation- â€Å"the family, education, the mass media, cultural and political institutions† all serve to preserve the sense of theRead MoreWomen s Right Movement And Feminism2394 Words   |  10 PagesWomen’s Right Movement and Feminism in the 20th Century Women have always experienced inequality however there has always been a fight for equality. Feminism is â€Å"the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men†, the belief, attitude and action that work toward women’s rights and the equality between men and women. Dorothy Smith (born July 6, 1926), a Canadian sociologist with research interests, besides in sociology, in many disciplines includingRead MoreFeminist Movement . Women Are Looked At As Less Than In1915 Words   |  8 Pagesputting woman on the same level as their male counterparts. Feminism can be described as a political, economic, and cultural movements aimed to create equal rights and legal protection for women. The goal of the feminist movement is to tackle women’s concerns with the issues of gender difference, gender equality with the overall goal advocating for women’s rights and interest. It is interesting and crucial to note that the terms feminism and feminist did not gain widespread use until the 1970sRead MoreThe Revolution Of The Women s Movement1804 Words   |  8 PagesThere is not just one singular concept for Feminist theories, multiple ideas have been brought to the forefront when discussing feminist theory of crimes. All these theories share the common notion that their main concern is for inequality, discrimination and the overall disrespect and oppression towards women. â€Å"Feminist perspectives, over the past thirty years have not only put some new topics under the criminological cover, they have challenged the theories, concepts, methods and assumptions ofRead MoreEssay on Judith Butler and Postmodern Feminism2618 Words   |  11 PagesJudith Butler and Postmodern Feminism What necessary tasks does Judith Butler identify for feminist criticism? How is her articulation of and response to these tasks characteristically postmodern? She has no identity except as a wife and mother. She does not know who she is herself. She waits all day for her husband to come home at night to make her feel alive. This sentiment lay buried, unspoken, for many years, in the minds of American women, until In 1960, the problem that hasRead MoreContemporary Sociological Theory Reviewed Essay2326 Words   |  10 Pages1. Our understanding of contemporary capitalist culture and globalization has been greatly influenced by neo-Marxism. There have been many significant events all over the world such as the Great Depression, The Second World War which have contributed to our understanding of contemporary capitalist culture. There has been a false consciousness associated with this time and date since capitalism continues to deliver the goods (Adams Sydie, 2002: 90). The beginning of the end of capitalistRead MoreSoc2303421 Words   |  14 Pages0Jan 15th Paradigm -What is paradigm? -Thomas Kuhn: â€Å"the structure of scientific revolution (1962) -he was interested in two things. He redefined the word â€Å"paradigm† to use in science -These paradigms I take to be universally recognized scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners. -Provide models (in law, theory, instrumentation, application) from which spring particular coherent

An Information Security Program Mission - 1462 Words

An Information security programs mission should be developed in a way that â€Å"aligns with organizational strategies by evaluating business requirements, applicable laws, regulations, standards, and best practices† (Module 2). More importantly businesses, governments, and other types of organizations need to incorporate cyber security to conduct business transactions, share information, and interact with customers and suppliers. Threats to the confidentiality, integrity and availability of cyberspace capabilities (e.g., hardware, software, and networks) are threats against the â€Å"economic activities and social interactions that depend upon cyberspace† (Module 2).These threats drive the need for cyber security, thus an information security†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, this paper will provide a general explanation of the business need for information security programs/policies to protect against the loss of profit, damage to the company’s reputat ion, and cost of litigation. The discussion will provide key concepts in regards to threats and vulnerabilities along with recommended technology solutions that will help manage or mitigate possible impacts and results you implement into your small business. Terms Definitions Confidentiality â€Å"Preserving authorized restrictions on information access and disclosure, including means for protecting personal privacy and proprietary information.† (44 U.S.C., Sec. 3542) Integrity â€Å"Guarding against improper information modification or destruction, and includes ensuring information non-repudiation and authenticity.† (44 U.S.C., Sec. 3542) Availability Ensuring timely and reliable access to and use of information†. (44 U.S.C., Sec. 3542) Non-Repudiation â€Å"Assurance that the sender of information is provided with proof of delivery and the recipient with proof of the sender’s identity, so neither can later deny having processed the information.† (CNSS Inst. 4009) Authentication â€Å"Verifying the identity of a user, process, or device, often as a prerequisite to allowing access to resources in an information system.† (NIST SP 800-37) Authorization â€Å"The property of being genuine and being able to be verified and trusted; confidence in the validity of a transmission, a message, or

Lord Liverpool Government’s Reactionary Policies in the Years Free Essays

In early 19th century Britain, law enforcement e. G. The police, was unheard of, this was a problem for Lord Liverpool government due to the fact that there was no physical means of controlling activity on a public level. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord Liverpool Government’s Reactionary Policies in the Years or any similar topic only for you Order Now When rebellions began to take place and started occurring more frequently Liverpool decided that something needed to be done. As a response, particularly to Spa fields, Liverpool Imposed the ‘Suspension of Habeas Corpus’ in 1817. This suspension along with the Sedulous meetings act worked as a short-term deterrent to protesters and due to Its severity of enmeshment, meant that it was particularly effective at stopping any form of revolt. The physical protesting was bad enough for Lord Liverpool, however it was only small part of why he imposed reactionary measure; a large part of it was down to fear and paranoia. In 1789 Lord Liverpool had been in France and witnessed firsthand the storming of the Pastille. The fall of the Pastille signified the fall of order, power and structure of the hierarchy in France; this was exactly what Liverpool was most afraid of happening in England, and that people would turn against the overspent the country and each other. In 1819 60,000 people met at ‘Petrol’ to listen to Henry Hunt talk about reforms, It was a peaceful protest that went wrong. Cavalry had been sent by magistrates who feared there would be a revolution due to the sheer amount of people, magistrates lost their nerve and sent In the cavalry causing major panic – 11 people were killed and over 400 Injured. As a response the Six Acts was introduced giving magistrates powers to invade people’s privacy if they ever suspected any conspiracy or plot to create a mass gathering, it provided more representative actions to stop people in their tracks. Lord Liverpool paranoia meant that he was transfixed on keeping control on power, an idea that could be considered as the root of his reactionary policies. In response to the Coat Street conspiracy and the Derbyshire risings spies were used infiltrate radical groups. Spies enabled the government to stay one step ahead of the protesters. Staying In power was vital for Liverpool, he was very aristocratic and most of his reactionary policies benefited those of higher classes; as they provided the cost political support for Lord Liverpool. By using spies there was the allusion that the government were out to protect the monarchy and the aristocracy, further building support for Lord Liverpool. It also gave Liverpool means of keeping tabs on want was going on In ten puddle demeanor, tans links Dacca no law enforcement so spies were used instead. Tanat tanner was During the first half of this ministry the cabinet consisted of eighteenth century politicians who were unwilling or unable to see the need to alter a constitution which invited them, yet still wanted to have total control over the people of England; this was virtually impossible when the rate of expansion, industry and rebellion was so fast. It wasn’t until the second half of this period, with the influence of younger men from different backgrounds and of differing outlooks, that major reform took place. Liverpool followed reactionary policies with the sole intention of them to be short- term fixes in society, made as a response to rebellions that were simply unheard of in Britain at this time. The main driving force behind these policies being made was Liverpool paranoia of a revolution occurring fuelling his need to keep and maintain control over the people of Britain. Liverpool also had to contend with the fact that he had never planned to come across such anger and desire for change that he had to think quickly to put measures in place that would make a difference, whether they be harsh or not. They were simple a means of gaining control and power back over the people so some reformations could be made without the imminent threat of revolution, as was thought by Lord Liverpool. How to cite Lord Liverpool Government’s Reactionary Policies in the Years, Papers

Cryptosporidium Essay Example For Students

Cryptosporidium Essay What we as a society do collectively to assure the conditions in which peoplecan live productive and vigorous lives. Public Health does things that benefiteveryone. It also prevents illness and educates the population. Public Health isa combination of science, practical skills and beliefs that is directed to themaintenance and improvement of the health of people. The science and art ofpreventing disease, prolonging life and promoting physical health and efficiencythrough organized community efforts. Cryptosporidium Parvum has been recognizedas a human pathogen since 1976. During 1976-1982, the disease was reportedrarely and occurred predominantly in immunocompromised persons. In 1982, thenumber of reported cases began to increases as a result of acquiredimmunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Cryptosporidium Parvum is a one-cell parasite,which cause the disease Cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidiosis is an intestinalillness caused by a microscopic parasite called cryptosporidium. The parasite istransmitted by ingestion of oocysts excreted in the feces of infected humans oranimals. The infection can therefore be transmitted from person-to-person,through ingestion of contaminated water or food, from animal to person, or bycontact with fecally contaminated environmental surfaces. Cryptosporidium can befound on clothing, bedding, or other things used by infected persons, suchperson with diarrhea or children in diapers. Sex that may involve contact withstool, especially oral sex, can also pass cryptosporidia. The stool of domesticand farm animals, especially animals less than six months old or animals withdiarrhea, can contain cryptosporidium. Individuals should always wash theirhands after touching animals or cleaning up their stool or visiting barns andareas where these animals live. Also in women, when cleaning yourself aftermovement of bowels, wipe front to back to avoid fecal contact with the vaginaand urethra. The most common symptom is diarrhea, which is usually water y whichis often accompanied by abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, fever, headacheand loss or appetite may also occur. Some people with cryptosporidium may beasymptomatic. The incubation period may range from one to twelve days with anaverage of seven days. Sources of crypto are; people, cows, cats, mice, turkeys,chickens, monkeys, sheep, goats, rabbits, fish, reptiles, opossums, and birds. As of November 16,1999 cryptosporidium parvum effected thirty six people withinthe state of New Jersey; 2 in Atlantic county, 4 in Bergen county, 5 inBurlington county, 5 in Camden county, 2 in Cape may, 2 in Essex county, 1 inHudson county, 1 in Hunterton county, 4 in Middlesex county, 4 in Monmouthcounty, 2 in Morris county, 2 in Ocean county, 2 in Passaic county, 2 in Unioncounty, and 1 in Sussex county. The most common transmission for these effectedpersons in NJ is person to person contact, fecal to oral contact, and homosexualmales. No one has every died from this illness In NJ but some of theses peoplehave been hospitalized for observation and to be exact it is not something else. Day care centers have to be exceptionally careful because of younger childrenwho wear diapers. Changing a baby who may be infected can make the handler atrisk if the fecal matter was meet. In 1994 there was a reported 2, 070 estimatedcases in Lake Nummy, NJ suspected cause was from contaiminated shallow Lakepark. Today there is no vaccination or medicine for this illness. If infected,contact your medical practitioner for immediate diagnosis. There are precautionsthat we as a community can do. As a community we can: ? Use a waterfilter; unless it is distilled or pasteurized, bottled water may not be anysafer than tap water. Using a water filter that has the words reverseosmosis on the label protect against crypto. Some absolute 1 micron andmost nominal 1 micron filters will not work against crypto. ?Boiling water for at least one minute with a rolling boil will killcryptosporidium. ? Properly drilled and maintained wells that utilizeunderground water are generally protected from surfa ce contaminattion and areunlikely to contain cryptosporidium oocysts. ? Practice safer sex. .u69d61158d599082ce6575b383f07fba2 , .u69d61158d599082ce6575b383f07fba2 .postImageUrl , .u69d61158d599082ce6575b383f07fba2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u69d61158d599082ce6575b383f07fba2 , .u69d61158d599082ce6575b383f07fba2:hover , .u69d61158d599082ce6575b383f07fba2:visited , .u69d61158d599082ce6575b383f07fba2:active { border:0!important; } .u69d61158d599082ce6575b383f07fba2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u69d61158d599082ce6575b383f07fba2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u69d61158d599082ce6575b383f07fba2:active , .u69d61158d599082ce6575b383f07fba2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u69d61158d599082ce6575b383f07fba2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u69d61158d599082ce6575b383f07fba2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u69d61158d599082ce6575b383f07fba2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u69d61158d599082ce6575b383f07fba2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u69d61158d599082ce6575b383f07fba2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u69d61158d599082ce6575b383f07fba2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u69d61158d599082ce6575b383f07fba2 .u69d61158d599082ce6575b383f07fba2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u69d61158d599082ce6575b383f07fba2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Human Cloning: A Benefit to Humanity Essay(Rimming) kissing or licking the anus. ? Be careful when swimming inlakes, rivers, or pools, and when using hot tubs. ? Avoid touching farmanimals and stool of pets. ? Wash hands thoroughly before and afterhandling food. ? Food that would be eaten uncooked should be washed well,peel skin off, and then eaten. ? Do not eat or drink unpasteurized milkor dairy products. There have been numerous outbreaks of crypto but the one thateffected the most people was in Milwaukee. In 1993 cryptosporidiosis affectedmore than 400,000 people. I believe that cryptosporidium parvum is in the scopeof public health because it efffect the community as a whole. In order notreceive this sickly illness the community has to come together and takeprecautions not only in the house but also in schools, play grounds, work place,and after school programs. In a community we look out for each other so it wouldbe helpful to contact the FDA, and Safe Water Drinking department in theircommunity. The most important question that pops in my mind is how to elevatemore outbreaks in NJ? First the government could examine the illness more tofind out exactly where the parasite is developed and maybe from that point itcan be eradicated. If that does not work we as a society can only takeprecautions as I mentioned above, use water filters, do not touch stool of anykind, and boil water for at least one minute with a rolling boil. Because it isa water born illness and a very intricate malady, I can not pin point a mainproposal to maybe eradicate this sickness. From learning about the disease andtalking to people who are studying it, I gathered that the o nly possible step toavoid this affliction is by using precautionary measures (such as thosementioned above). Bibliography1. New Jersey State Health Department 1-800-367-6543 Mrs. Mary Jane Hung andDr. Sorsage 2. Safe Drinking Water Act 1-609-292-5550 Steve Pudney 3. Cryptosporidiosis: Fact Sheet. Center For Disease Control and Prevention. 28 May.1998. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/crypto/cryptos.htm 4. Cryptosporidiosis: Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control andPrevention. 28 May.1998. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/disease/crypto/control.htm5. Juronek, D. Dennis. Cryptosporidiosis: Sources of Infection and Guidelinesfor Prevention. 28 May. 1998. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/disease/crypto/sources.htm6. Cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidiosis. 9 May.1998. Avaiable: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/crypto.htm7. Cryptosporidiosis. New York State Department of Health CommunicableDisease Fact Sheet. February 1999. Available: http://www.health.state.ny.us/nysdon/consumer/crypto.htm8. Waterborne/foodborne outbreaks of Cryptosporidium parvum. Cryptosporidium in the Environment. 4 September.1999. Available: http://www.ksu.edu/parasitology/water9. Jersey City Water Consumer Confidence Report. City of Jersey City. 15January.1999. Available: http://www.city.com/water/waterccr101599.html 10. Foodborne Outbreak of Diarrheal Illness Associated with Cryptosporidiumparvun?Minnesota, 1995. Morbidity and Morality Weekly Report. 13 September. 1996. Available; http://www- micro.msb.le.ac.uk/others/FDA/~mow/crypto2.html 11. Assessing the Public Health Threat Associated with WaterborneCryptosporidiosis: Report of a Workshop. Assessing Public Health Threat Assc. w/Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis. 16 June.1995. Available: http://www.wonder.cdc.gov/wonder.prevguid/m0037331/entire.htm

Blocks in problem solving free essay sample

A block is anything which prevents us finding an effective solution to a problem. We all experience them, but of different types and intensities. The blocks have been grouped in various ways by different authors according to their cause, eg perceptual emotional intellectual expressive environmental cultural Its important that you are able to recognise when blocks are hindering your problem solving so that you can take action to overcome them. What causes these blocks? The labels applied to these blocks give some clues to their origins. Perceptual blocks arise from the way we have learnt to recognise information from the world around us. We develop habits of seeing the world, which sometimes can get in the way of finding the best solution to a problem, eg seeing only the most obvious solution. Emotional blocks arise when our emotional needs conflict with the situation, eg when we do not propose a radical. We will write a custom essay sample on Blocks in problem solving or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page solution to a problem because we feel it might sound ridiculous and make us look foolish. Intellectual blocks are caused by us not being able to assimilate information in the ways required to solve a problem, eg not knowing how to evaluate ideas to select the most effective solution. Expressive blocks arise when we are unable to commu ­nicate in the way required to produce an effective solution, eg not being able to express our ideas effectively to those who have to implement the solution. . Environmental blocks are caused by. external obstacles in the social or physical environment, which prevent us from solving a problem effectively, eg distractions from the task. Cultural blocks result from our conditioning to accept what is expected or normal in a given situation, eg when the work ethic says that we must be  serious-minded, but finding an effective solution requires some playful fantasy. All of the blocks, except those caused by the physical environment, arise through learning or lack of it, either our own or that of people who influence us. We can overcome most of our own blocks permanently by re-learning, and overcome other peoples blocks which hinder us by learning ways to sidestep them. The following is an explanation of some of the main blocks that exist under each category heading. Perceptual blocks exist when we are unable to clearly perceive a problem or the information needed to solve it effectively . They include: Seeing only what you expect to see To recognise situations we look for patterns of key features which we have learnt by experience represent a particular situation~ If the key features fit we assume the situations are the same. This often obscures the true nature of a problem, either because we exclude relevant information (because it isnt a key feature or didnt occur in the past), or include information simply because we assume it is there. Stereotyping In recognising situations we automatically apply labels (like door, machine, laziness) which can prevent us seeing all the features of. the situation. Often we dont look beyond the obvious. For example, if someone isnt working as hard as we would like and we apply the label lazy to that person, we might overlook the possibility that boredom with monotonous work is the problem, and not laziness. Not recognising problems A surprising number of problems go unnoticed or are recognised only when the effects have become severe and emergency action is required. Not seeing the problem in perspective This is related to some of the previous blocks, and results from: taking too narrow a view of the situation, so that we recognise only part of the problem or the information required to solve it failing to recognise how different parts of the problem are related seeing only superficial aspects of the problem, so that the solution is inadequate failing to see the problem from the point of view of other people who are involved. Mistaking cause and effect Many problems are recognised by their effects or the absence of expected results. If cause and effect are confused then we are unlikely to find an effective solution. For example, if goods do not arrive and we assume that the supplier is late in despatching them when in fact our ordering department has failed to send out the order, then our search for solutions will be misdirected. In this situation the late despatch of the goods is an effect of the problem and not a cause. B. Emotional blocks Emotional blocks exist when we perceive a threat to our emotional needs. These needs differ in type and strength from person to person but include needs for achievement, recognition, order, belonging and self-esteem. The emotional blocks include: Fear of making mistakes or looking foolish This is the most significant emotional block because it affects most of us and is difficult to overcome. As a result of traditional schooling, the expected reaction when we make a mistake or suggest radically different ideas is laughter and ridicule. No one likes being laughed at and as a result we learn to fear making mistakes and to avoid suggesting ideas which are different. This block becomes more severe in the presence of collea ­gues of a different rank to our own. With . those who are more senior we imagine that we will be thought inexperienced or immature. With those more junior we want to protect our image as being knowledgeable and experienced. Impatience Being impatient to solve a problem may be due either to a desire to succeed quickly or to end the discomfort or loss caused by the problem. This has two major consequences. We tend to grab the first solution which comes along, without adequate analysis of the problem, and we evaluate ideas. too fast, almost instinctively rejecting unusual ideas. Either way, our solution is unlikely to be the most effective available. Avoiding anxiety This is another common block. Some of- us are more susceptible to anxiety and also find it more unpleasant than others. Many factors can cause anxiety, including high risk, disorder and ambiguity, long-term stress, and fear for our security. The effects on problem solving include avoiding risks, indecision in situations which are not black and white, excessive reliance on others judgement, and avoiding challenging the status quo. . Fear of taking risks This leads to the avoidance of situations where the outcome is uncertain or could be unpleasant. A major cause is our desire for security. The consequences include setting objectives within easy reach, so that there is no risk of failure, and accepting known solutions in preference to the unusual because their value is certain. A liking for taking risks and over-confidence in being able to avoid unpleasant , consequences are more dangerous blocks. Need for order This is related to avoiding anxiety. It can lead to an inability to cope with the frustration of situations which are not clear cut or where ambiguities exist. Lack of challenge This may arise when the problem is routine or the benefits/losses are not significant to us. The result is that either we dont tackle the problem or we take the easiest, quickest route to solution. C. Intellectual blocks Intellectual blocks exist when we dont have the necessary thinking skills to find a successful solution, or are unable to use them effectively. They include: Lack of knowledge or skill in the problem solving process This is one of the most common blocks. It includes: inadequate skills in analytical and creative thinking; an inflexible strategy, using one approach for every type of problem; the inability to use the various problem solving techniques. They can all lead to ineffective solutions. Lack of creative thinking This is always caused by an inability to use the skills rather than their absence, resulting from the dominance of analytical thinking in our day-to-day lives and a lack of practice. Inflexible thinking This is a difficulty in switching from one type of thinking skill to another, such as from analysis to idea generation or from verbal to visual thinking. Not being methodical This is perhaps the most common block. A step-by-step approach is essential to solving problems effectively. Lack of knowledge or skill in using the Language of the problem If a problem involves a language that we cannot understand or cannot use, such as specialist jargon or statistical analysis, we will not be able to tackle the problem effectively. Similarly, we may use an inappropriate language, such as trying to find an error in accounts by describing the situation verbally rather than analysing it mathematically. Using inadequate information This happens when we do not make sufficient effort to collect the relevant information, or do not understand what information is relevant, where to find it, or how it relates to the problem. Similarly, using inaccurate information can lead us to the wrong conclusions. D. Expressive blocks Expressive blocks exist when we do not have the knowledge or skills necessary to communicate or record ideas in the ways required. They are caused by an inability to use languages effectively, such as words, drawings, mathe ­matics, scientific symbols, and so on. They include: Using the wrong language Some problems are more effectively solved or communicated using one language rather than another. For example, we are unlikely to get very far if we record data only verbally when the problem requires quantitative analysis. Similarly, people may find it hard to grasp our meaning if we try to explain our feelings about a situation using mathematics instead of words. Unfamiliarity with a particular application of a language The most obvious example is the difficulty many people have making a speech, even though they can write their ideas effectively on paper. Inadequate explanations These can result from a real lack of information about what you are trying to convey, or from assuming that your audience already has some of the information when, they dont. A passive management style A situation where we are reluctant to or find it difficult to exert influence may prevent us communicating our ideas effectively. This is particularly important when people need to be convinced of the validity of ideas. A dominant management style This is when we exert oppressive control, either deliberately or unconsciously, and can make those we are communicat ­ing with automatically reluctant to accept what we say or hostile to our ideas. E. Environmental blocks Environmental blocks, which exist when the social or physical environment hinders our problem solving, include: Management style The way in which we are managed can influence both our attitude to problem solving and the freedom we have to . create and implement ideas. For example, if our ideas are dismissed constantly with comments such as No, it wouldnt work because , or No, weve tried it before and it didnt work, we soon give up trying. Distractions Due to excessive noise and interruptions, these affect some people more than others, but in general they have a detrimental effect on problem solving. Physical discomfort This can create a distraction as well as resulting in stress.  or lethargy depending on the circumstances. For example, poorly designed chairs may create a distraction by giving us backache which, in turn, can make us irritable and less interested in any type of work. Lack of support This comes in many forms. For example, we may need specialist information, advice, skills or other resources, or authority to take action. A more pervasive aspect of this block is a lack of encouragement and the necessary organisational structure to support and exploit peoples ideas. Stress Stress due to pressure of work and deadlines, affects people differently. For those who are susceptible to stress it can be a powerful block, hindering creative thinking in particular. Lack of communication This has a number of effects, including inability to get the information you require and a lack of encouragement. Monotonous work This can dull enthusiasm for solving problems and put us onto automatic pilot, making us blind to problems when they occur. Expectations of others These can influence both our general perf9rmance in problem solving and the objectives we set ourselves. For example, if our peers and superiors are happy with a regular solution to a problem we may feel that its a waste of time looking for anew; more effective solution. On the other hand, if we are expected to find an innovative solution we are likely to make a greater effort. F. Cultural blocks Cultural blocks exist when our problem solving is hindrance by accepting that some things are good or right and are done, while others are bad or wrong and are not done, So that we become bound by custom. They include: Unquestioning acceptance of the status quo There is a tendency to conform to established ideas an methods of working and not to question them or express ideas which depart from them. If something is not normal done we tend to look for the reasons why it cant be done or why it wouldnt work, rather that looking for the reasons why it should be done or why it could work. Dislike of change The attitude that tradition is preferable to change can arise, from the need for security. If a situation is acceptable as it is, any change, which must involve some uncertainty, is felt to be threatening by some people. However, as we become more and more accustomed to change this block is becoming less common, but there must be reasons for change. Change for changes sake can be dangerous. Fantasy and humour are not productive There is still a widespread belief that fantasy and humour have no place in the serious business of problem solving. Subjective reports from innovators suggest otherwise. Fantasy and humour are connected by one common feature the unlikely combination of ideas (think about it next time you hear a good joke the punch line is always unexpected). Innovative solutions to problems arise in the same way by making a link between apparently unrelated ideas. Feelings, intuition and subjective judgements are unreliable There is a strong bias towards reason, logic and quantitative judgements because they can be measured and commu ­nicated in accurate terms. Feelings, intuition and subjective judgements, which cannot be measured or communicated as effectively, are seen as unrealiable and are mistrusted. Even in mathematics, one of the most logical of sciences, intuition is often reported as playing a key role in, problem solving. A good problem solver needs to be able to use both objective, logical methods and subjective, intuitive methods in the search for solutions. Over-emphasis on competition or cooperation A strongly competitive environment (for recognition, promotion, and so on) can make people unwilling to listen to the ideas of those with whom they are competing. Similarly, in a strongly cooperative environment we may avoid expressing new ideas because we dont want to stand out from the crowd. Taboos Some actions and ideas are excluded from problem solving because they are regarded as distasteful, or are harmful, or contravene accepted moral codes. For example, in a test of creativity a group of students were given a problem to solve using calculus. They had to follow certain rules and the objective was to see who produced the largest number of different routes to the correct solution. A few students produced a lot more than the others because they chose to break the rules they were told to follow.

Smoke n Mirrors Essay

Smoke n Mirrors Essay Smoke n Mirrors Essay A comparison of the gender roles of men versus women shows the belief in prejudicial attitude, which was an essential part of the 1940’s era, and the preconceptions that shaped the point of views of the author Scott Russell Sanders. These preconceived notions of yesteryear complicate relations between young men and women of today. The author wonders how deep the past goes, and he contends that it goes even deeper than speech. In the essay, â€Å"The Men We Carry in our Minds† Sanders reflects on his childhood of how he perceived men and women. Women’s roles in society has changed dramatically in just thirty short years. He speculates the women’s movement of the 80’s has been predetermined. His experiences as a child of the 1940’s era led him to believe in sexism of both genders. The roles of men were to work hard and laborious in his observation. This type of hard work ethic physically broke down a man’s body. The men who labored with these bodies had forearms ropy with muscles, their nails of their hands were black and split, and marked with scars. Heavy lifting had worn out their backs and stomachs were strained from hernias. It was not until college that he reveled in the idea that women did more than just live in comfort and leisure. To understand the grievances of a woman baffled him. Women read books, were interested in art, music, and literature. They did not have to work in factories, mines or even go to war. Women to the author stayed home, raised children, ran

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

History - Essay Example tates, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted." Although this was famous, it was vanquished by the U.S. Senate adjournment. He was also a member of the peace convention. The compromise of 1850 involved Henry Clay. Clay took an active part and presented eight resolutions to the senate. The compromise aroused due to the spread of slavery that emerged out from the Mexican –American war around the territories of United States. Such territories include Texas, California and Mexico. The compromise was balanced between the expectations of these territories. The compromise for these territories differed accordingly; it was U.S paying the debts for Texas, which in turn allowed New Mexico to become a separate territory, California admitted as a state free of slavery. New Mexico determined its territory as â€Å"popular sovereignty† claiming that their state’s population would vote for a slave free notion, and the implementation of the New Fugitive Law of 1850. However, the compromises were not accepted by any political figures of the time such as Jefferson Davis, who felt that the compromise made for California might perturb the authority of Senates in South and North regions of United States. William Henry Seward, a famous representative of the Northern Whigs claimed that the Compromises of the 1850 and the old Fugitive Slave might lose the slaves as fugitives, which in turn would become a supporting. factor for the land claims of the people of Texas. Stephen Douglas was a lawyer and a politician He also qualified himself as a senator for fourteen years and then as a presidential candidate. Douglas’ the arguments concerning slavery with Abraham Lincoln took him to a popular phase. He then became the chairperson of the